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Greek astrology reached India between the first and third centuries ce, introduced possibly by a Buddhist monk. Arabic translations of astrological texts greatly influenced the thought of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. By around 750 ce the Arabs had developed a considerable interest in astrology. 770 –820), in his compilation of a catalog of books on astrology, listed forty-six titles of Persian provenance. Many texts entered the corpus of Arabic works on astrology through Persia: the Arab Masala (c. These treatises were later translated from Pahlavi into Arabic by Ab ū Ma ʿshar (787 –886), known also as Albumasar, a scholar in the court of the caliph al-Ma ʾm ūn of Baghdad.
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There they translated several Greek texts, some of which were astrological treatises, into Pahlavi (Middle Persian). Other important astrologers of late antiquity were Vettius Valens, author of the Anthologeuon biblia (written between 152 and 188 ce), and Firmicus Maternus, who wrote the Matheseos libri VIII around 335, before he became a Christian.Īfter the closing of the philosophical school of Athens in 529 ce, several Greek scholars emigrated to Persia, where they were granted asylum by the emperor Khosrow I (531 –579). 100 –178 ce), the author of the Apotelesmatika (also known as Tetrabiblos or Quadripartitum ), who made popular the pseudepigraphon Karpos, or Centiloquium. The development of astrology was decisively influenced by the great astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus, c. Most of the texts of Hermetic astrology are no longer extant, but they were frequently quoted by writers of late antiquity and the Renaissance. In addition, Hermetic astrology involved the study of correspondences between astral phenomena and the human body or material objects, as in the study of individual or medical (iatrological) astrology astrological medicine ( iatromath ēmatika ), based on a complicated astral melothesy and the study of the correspondences between stars, precious stones, plants, and metals. It was also concerned with the interpretation of signs as manifested in the omens given by thunder ( brontologia ) and the prognoses given at the New Year ( apotelesmata ). Hermetic lay astrology was concerned with the study of universal astrology ( genika ), world periods and cycles ( apokatastaseis ), planetary lots ( kl ēroi ), and the horoscope of the world traced according to the position of the planets in the signs at the time the earth was formed ( thema mundi ). 146 –127 bce) studied the correspondences of planetary signs with the people and the geographic features of the earth he was also acquainted with astral melothesy (the study of the correspondences between the human body and planets, signs, and decans) and Hermetic astrology. It is attributed to the mythical Egyptian pharoah Nechepsos as well as to the priest Petosiris, who may be the same as the Petosiris whose mummy was found in a fourth-century bce tomb discovered at Eshumen in Upper Egypt.Įudoxus of Cnidus (408 –355 bce), the father of Greek astronomy, was also versed in the principles of universal and meteorological astrology. One of the oldest astrological treatises, a Hellenistic compilation dating from the second century bce, is also said to be Egyptian in origin.
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The latter was called z ōidiakos (from z ōidion, "carved figure") by the fifth-century Greeks, after the shapes of figures that they imagined were in the heavenly constellations. However, the idea of two malefic planets -Mars and Saturn -is genuinely Chaldean genuinely Egyptian, but no older than the third century bce (although based on a more ancient doctrine of the chronokratores, the "rulers of time") is the invention of the thirty-six decans of the zodiac. The actual contribution of the latter to Greek astrology is debatable, for the Chaldean and Egyptian traditions were widely divergent on some points. Even though Hellenistic astrology and the astrology of late antiquity took on the features of different local traditions when exported to India, China, or Islamic countries, their basic ingredients are, in all places, Greek science and Chaldean and Egyptian astral lore. Hellenistic astrology was actually a combination of Chaldean and Egyptian astral religion and Greek astronomy and methods of computation. However, its practitioners were usually called "Chaldeans," a formula devoid of any actual historical reference to Mesopotamia. When astrology, a product of Hellenistic civilization, appeared at the end of the third century bce, its origins were ascribed to the revelations of the Egyptian god Hermes (Thoth).